I. Introduction
“At the same time, justified and sinner.”
This is Luther’s appraisal of the Christian condition. Wesley, who owed much to
Luther for his doctrine of justification by faith, stressed that the
Christian must be not only justified, but sanctified. In the following post I show how Wesley defines salvation as the entire process
which begins at conversion and is completed after death. I will address
each of Wesley’s phases of salvation in the Christian life, taking
particular note of his much mis-understood doctrine of Christian perfection.
II. Salvation Defined
For
Wesley salvation does not consist of merely “going to heaven” because
it is not an after-death experience but “a present thing”(The Scripture Way of Salvation, 44). While
Wesley calls salvation a “present thing,” he does not mean that “all
this salvation is given at once”(A Plain Account of Christian Perfection, 380). Rather, he means it is
presently occurring, for salvation is
“the entire work of God from the
first dawning of grace in the soul, till it is consummated in
glory”(SW-44). Wesley understands salvation to “consist of two parts,
justification and sanctification”(SW-44).
Justification is the
instantaneous forgiveness of sins that happens at the moment of faith
(SW-45). Sanctification is the process whereby the justified becomes
holy. This real change to holiness is additional to the relative change
of justification. It is a process that begins at conversion and
generally entails years of gradual change but happens substantially in
an instantaneous gift of God, often just before death. With these
definitions in mind, let us consider the phases of Wesley’s vision of
the Christian life, from its inception to completion.
III. Unbelievers and Justification
The
first phase of the Christian life is properly pre-Christian, but it is
not absent of God’s grace. How does one cross over from unbelief to
faith? Wesley expresses belief in prevenient grace consisting of “all
the drawings of the Father” including the common human desire for God
largely known as the “natural conscience”(SW-44). Wesley adds that the
prayers of others help one find faith: “that person who long groans
before [God] for the conversion of another, whenever that soul is
converted to God, is one of the chief causes of it”(PA-440). Prayer is
the cause inasmuch as it inclines God to effect a change of heart, for
it is God’s Spirit who assures of love, whereby the unbeliever trusts
(SW-47).
What is this faith and what are its effects?
Wesley describes faith as “a divine evidence and conviction...that
Christ loved me and gave Himself for me”(SW-47). Faith is knowing that
one is a child of God (SW-47). The effect of faith is justification,
for faith alone is sufficient for justification although “repentance and
fruits meet for repentance” are necessary also, if “time and
opportunity” permit (SW-48). The fruits of repentance, or works, do not
cause justification (nor sanctification), for alone they are worthless,
but it is incumbent on all who are justified to be zealous of good
works” (SW-49). Justification is the “forgiveness of all our
sins”(SW-44) and the “immediate effects of justification are the peace
of God...and a “rejoicing in hope of the glory of God” with joy
unspeakable and full of glory”(SW-45).
IV. Christian Babes seek Sanctification (Perfection)
So
great are the effects of justification mentioned above that the
justified sometimes feel for some time that they have been fully
sanctified because of their great peace and disinterest in sin (PA-381,
SW-45). This feeling is attributable to the beginning of the
sanctification process in which the believer feels internally the change
from an “earthly, sensual, devilish mind, into ‘the mind which was in
Christ Jesus’”(SW-45). While sanctification begins at justification, it
is not completed with it and soon the “bosom sins” of the justified
resurface and the flesh wars against the new indwelling
Spirit (PA-380-381, SW-45).
The life of the babe in Christ is
lived in inner conflict and is to be full with striving “by the Spirit”
for sanctification by good deeds and efforts to ‘“mortify the deeds of
the body”’(SW-46). Wesley instructs these young Christians to believe
that sanctification is possible merely on the basis of faith and that
God can give it (SW-52-53). They live out this belief in the practice
of doing good works of piety and mercy as they “wait for complete
sanctification”(SW-51). Though the justified experience inner conflict,
“Even babes in Christ are so far perfect as not to commit [outward]
sin”(PA 375). What they wait for in prayer is not the ability to resist
temptation but the gift of God which perfects their hearts in love for
God and others, and which wipes away their desire for sin.
How
might the babe in Christ achieve, or rather receive, this perfection?
Wesley parallels the means by which perfection is received to that by
which justification is received: “Exactly as we are justified by faith,
so are we sanctified by faith”(SW-49). The faith that sanctifies
includes the belief that God has promised perfection in Scripture, and
is able and willing to do it now (SW-52). Wesley is clear that faith
alone is sufficient for sanctification, but he is inconsistent on
whether all who believe are instantaneously made perfect. While he says
“every man when he believes is sanctified [italics mine]”(SW-49), he
more consistently teaches that most who have been justified by faith do
not become perfected before the “instant of death, the moment before the
soul leaves the body”(PA-446). The same faith that guarantees
immediate justification guarantees eventual sanctification. That this
is Wesley’s view is confirmed by the surprising fact that Wesley never
claimed to received, Christian perfection.
With faith,
repentance is “in some sense, necessary to sanctification” even as it
was to justification, but this post-justification repentance is of a
different character than its antecedent (SW-50). The repentance of the
justified is not motivated by guilt, but by the conviction that sin
still remains in the heart, even if it has been mostly rooted out of
ones actions (SW-50). Good works do not sanctify, but they are required
of both the justified, and the perfected (SW-48-50).
If
Wesley never received perfection, why was he so convinced it was
possible? Wesley’s reading of Scripture and his conviction that God’s
commands do not exceed his promises are the primary source of his
doctrine (PA-408, 389). Some of the Scriptures that occur repeatedly in
defense of his doctrine include: ‘“The Lord thy God will circumcise
your heart (Duet 30:6)’”; ‘“...church, not having spot or wrinkle...holy
and without blemish’ (Eph. 5:25-27.)”; ‘“Be ye perfect, as your Father
who is in heaven is perfect’ (Matt 5:48)”; “Thou shalt love the Lord thy
God with all thy heart, and will all thy soul and with all thy
mind’(Matt 12:37)”(PA-389-90).
The second proof for Wesley of his
doctrine of perfection is the examples of it, both in Scripture, and in
his acquaintance. In Scripture, he points to “St. John and all those
of whom he says ‘Herein is our love made perfect...’ (1 John
4:17)”(PA-390-391). As for contemporary examples, Wesley gives a case
study of Jane Cooper (PA-409-414). Wesley explains the scarcity of
indisputable examples by 1) the inconvenience it would be to the
perfect, 2) the envy of those who seek them as well as, 3) their
dullness and unwillingness to believe (PA-390, 387).
V. From Christian Perfection to Glory
When,
by the gift of God, Christians attain perfection before death, how is
it known and what are the limitations of this perfection? While Wesley
denies that there can be certainty about who has been perfected, he
suggests three markers: 1) prior “exemplary behavior” which suggests
they would not attempt to glorify God by pretending; 2) Ability to give a
“distinct account” of the time and place that perfection occurred; and
3) the appearance that “all his subsequent words and actions were holy
and unblamable”(PA-398).
The limitations of Christian perfection
in this life are best approached by remembering the content of this
perfection. It is perfection in love of God, whereby all desire for sin
is removed, and perfection in love for neighbor with additional
benefits of peacefulness (PA-393). Wesley’s perfection is of heart and
will, not mind and body. Consequently, “they are not perfect in
knowledge...nor from mistake,” “they are not free from infirmities” and
they are not “wholly freed from temptation”(PA 374). Perfection in
heart or love is not perfection in body or mind.
The perfected
one is yet imperfect in body, and thus vulnerable to sickness and death,
but also is imperfect in mind. The one who is perfect in love but
imperfect in knowledge makes mistakes but does not commit sins. Sin,
properly so called, is “a voluntary transgression of a known law” while a
mistake is an “involuntary transgression of a divine law”(PA-396) that
is done out of “pure love” (PA-397). The gift of perfection does not
include perfect perception, and hence these are not so perfect as to be
beyond need of Christ’s atoning work.
The perfected Christian
is not outside of the reach of temptation, for even Christ was tempted
(PA-374). The persistence of temptation in this life, as well as
“numerous instances”(PA-442) leads to Wesley’s changed opinion that even
the perfect may fall from perfection. “They who are sanctified, yet
may fall and perish”(PA-422,426) and yet those who fall can recover
perfection. In fact it is common “for persons to lose it more than
once, before they are established therein”(PA-427). Wesley encourages
those who do slip from perfection back into sin not to hide it for this
would be a great peril to their souls (PA-435).
While the
possibility remains that the perfect may fall, they may also “grow in
grace”(PA-426). Perfection occurs in an instant but is also “a gradual
work, both preceding and following that instant”(PA-446). The perfected
should be “continually laboring to cut off all the useless
things”(PA-439) around them. Christian perfection is “improvable”
because it is not “absolute perfection” which “belongs not to man nor to
angles, but only to God alone”(PA-442.)
The perfected
experience consistent peace and joy, for perfect love casts out all fear
(PA-371). Though this element is of great benefit to the perfect, it
is exceedingly difficult to identify because the perfected Christian's
mind may be distressed, sorrowful, perplexed, anguishing and in agony
while the heart and will are at peace cleaving, and submitted to God
(PA-399).
According to Wesley, all who reach death justified are
then, if not before, perfected in love. This perfection grows “to all
eternity”(PA-426). He says little about how the perfect change in
glory, though he does assert that “absolute perfection” is for God alone
(PA-442). Wesley also hints that the limits of human knowledge in this
life are overcome in glory (PA-442). Presumably, he agrees that the
frailty of our bodies will be shed as we take on glorified bodies.
VI. Conclusion
John
Wesley’s doctrine of salvation includes crucial elements of Lutheran
and Catholic thought. With Luther, Wesley asserts the absolute cause of
salvation, in both it parts, to be faith, and not works. With Roman
Catholicism, Wesley teaches that the Christian life includes real change
toward real holiness of which works are a part. God wills for those
whom God has saved from sin’s punishment to escape its grip. Wesley
believes that God can and does give this gift of a heart filled with
pure love, not only to the dead in Christ, but also to the living.
*This essay was written in 2007 as part of my Master's student. I recalled it and am posting it thanks to my work as a Teaching Assistant in Reading the World, an integrative course which draws in historical, theological, and sociological considerations. Citations refer to the pagination of a reader in Post-Reformation and Modern Theology provided by Dr. John Thompson.
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ReplyDeleteHey, John Wesley’s Teaching is the first systematic exposition of John Wesley's theology that is also faithful to Wesley's own writings. Wesley was a prolific writer and commentator on Scripture—his collected works fill eighteen volumes—and yet it is commonly held that he was not systematic or consistent in his theology and teachings. On the contrary, Thomas C. Oden demonstrates that Wesley displayed a remarkable degree of internal consistency over sixty years of preaching and ministry. This series of 4 volumes is a text-by-text guide to John Wesley’s teaching. It introduces Wesley’s thought on the basic tenets of Christian teaching: God, providence, and man (volume 1), Christ and salvation (volume 2), the practice of pastoral care (volume 3), and issues of ethics and society (volume 4). In everyday modern English, Oden clarifies Wesley’s explicit intent and communicates his meaning clearly to a contemporary audience. Both lay and professional readers will find this series useful for devotional reading, moral reflection, sermon preparation, and for referencing Wesley’s opinions on a broad range of pressing issues of contemporary society. Thanks all!!!
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